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Multi-tenant SaaS architectures primarily use either a Shared Database with Tenant Column Scoping (cost-effective, high tenant density) or a Database-per-Tenant model (complete physical isolation, critical for healthcare and enterprise compliance). A hybrid model with separate schemas within a single database offers the best balance of cost, isolation, and maintenance.
Multi-tenancy is the architectural principle where a single software instance serves multiple distinct customer organizations (tenants), ensuring complete data isolation and customized user permissions.
| Architectural Model | Data Isolation | Infrastructure Cost | Maintenance & Migrations | Best Suited For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shared DB, Shared Schema | ⚠️ Logical (Tenant ID column) | 🏆 Lowest cost | 🏆 Single migration run | B2C or high-volume low-cost B2B |
| Shared DB, Separate Schemas | 🔒 High (Postgres Schemas) | 💵 Moderate | ⚖️ Automated multi-schema migrations | Modern B2B SaaS (Recommended) |
| Database per Tenant | 🛡️ Maximum (Physical DB) | 💰 Higher | ⏳ Complex backup/migration loops | Enterprise, FinTech & Healthcare |
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